Using protein family data and new genome-based outgroup rooting procedures, we reconstruct the complex evolutionary history of the proteobacterial rings (combinations of tree-like divergences and endosymbiotic-like convergences).
But "The Great Divergence," like Mr. Krugman's volume, is written by someone who works best at shorter length.
In short, the staggering biological diversity that makes the world worth inhabiting could owe as much to conflict between sperm head and egg sheath as it does to other presumed sources of species divergence, like geological and climate change, or the race between predator and prey.
Cave animals are widely used model organisms to study the evolutionary effects of permanent darkness on adaptive trait divergence like improvement of nonvisual senses (e.g., [ 22, 23, 25, 26]).
Furthermore, since teleost diversification is characterized by increases in the birth rate and not by decreases in the death rate (Fig. 4), our study suggests that genome-facilitated mechanisms of divergence, like lineage-specific nonfunctionalization [ 5, 21], have played a larger role in teleost diversification than extinction resistance imparted by functional redundancy [ 18].
Just as humans are the products of cooperation at the level of individuals, i.e., sexual reproduction, we are also the products of tree-like divergences through mutations.
However, the structural and phylogenetic inference supports their grouping (the clade credibility value is 0.99 for the node at the divergence of KLC1-like and KLC2-like clades).
Before the appearance of seed plants, the function divergence of FT-like genes and TFL-like genes is not obvious, and the function of some PEBP genes is close to TFL-like genes, although their sequences and key motifs are much similar to that of FT-like genes [ 30, 45].
Only in angiosperms, the function divergence of FT-like genes (as an activator) and TFL-like genes (as a repressor) is significant as oppositely regulating the flowering time in monocots and eudicots [ 38, 47- 54].
But by and large she seems to know the limits of her audience's capacity to be fascinated by her in a way that Lena Dunham (purely for illustrative example) doesn't, neatly containing her divergences with comments like: "If you enjoyed that at all, you can try it at home, whenever you like".
