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Both the increased divergence with age of habitat and the very high proportion of private haplotypes found in most populations are inconsistent with ongoing gene flow acting to homogenize populations.
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Our evidence agrees with negligible gene flow after founding, and the accumulation of genetic divergence with habitat age.
Our findings are consistent with negligible gene flow after founding, and the accumulation of genetic divergence with regional age.
However, they do satisfy a major prediction of the monopolization hypothesis: increased differentiation and divergence with population age.
The origin of the Dipsapiidae is the first campanulid divergence with a median age estimate outside of the Cenomanian (91 Ma; 95% HPD: 79 101 Ma; Figure 1).
Yet, none of these growth-related traits showed evidence of adaptive divergence with respect to population age in any species, perhaps because populations were too young to have developed local adaptations or because there was no divergent selection for the traits under study.
It was also observed that monozygotic (MZ) twins exhibit epigenetic divergence in DNAm patterns that increases with age and differences in lifestyle (9).
Cells that diverged in fitness more than a certain threshold from their parental cells upon division were designated as new clones, thus replicating functional (clonal) divergence of HSC in the pool with age (Fig. S1A-B).
To calculate divergence ages with an uncorrelated clock model, we used BEAST 1.6.1 [ 101, 102].
Thus, the use of a relaxed molecular clock approach designed to accommodate rate variation is preferable for estimating divergence ages with this data set.
Comparing our mtDNA divergence ages with those inferred from nDNA data (e.g. [ 15]) we find that those splits slightly differ but tend to be in the same range (Additional file 2: Table S1).
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