Data can be simulated for several scenarios, where population sizes, times of divergence, population size change and admixture can be specifically defined.
As population structure can result in restricted gene flow, color variation and local adaptation in particular morphological features that indicate a rapid population divergence, population studies need to address both genetic and phenotypic divergence.
The range of values used for M and T allowed for simulations with a range of genetic differentiation representing from low-divergence populations of the same species (D ≈ 0) to highly differentiated species (D ≈ 300), and also similar levels of differentiation between divergence and migration models.
The two putative hybrid zones we identified enable experiments and hypothesis testing on hybrid fitness relative to genetic divergences, population history, and on the role of anthropogenic disturbances.
Fixation indices showed significantly high genetic divergence within populations and among populations within groups, with non-significant among-group differentiation.
Selection and population demographic changes drive divergence of populations during isolation.
First, coevolution leads to divergence between populations: as a host and parasite population reciprocally adapt, they can adopt distinct evolutionary trajectories from their neighbors, just by chance alone.
The divergence between populations in the eastern and western Qinling Mountains populations may possibly be ascribed to fragmentation driven by climate change.
During dispersal, the genetic divergence between populations is due to the progressive isolation of populations as their trajectories split.
Because gene divergence before populations actually separate, this estimate also puts the population divergence of Neanderthal and modern human ancestors between 270,000 and 440,000 years ago (Green et al. 2010).
The mean sequence divergence among populations was 2.88% ± 1.52 (s.d)., while the mean within population diversity was 0.28% ± 0.31 (s.d).
