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For the past 25 years, we have developed the enolase superfamily (ENS) as a paradigm to characterize and understand the structural bases for divergence of function in functionally diverse superfamilies.
Perhaps most general of these evolutionary paradigms is the duplication and divergence of function of an ancestral bi-functional gene.
The expansion of CATH superfamilies with sequence data considerably increased the amount of functional data too, allowing large scale studies of the divergence of function within superfamilies during evolution.
Divergence of function in the two nematode PMTs provides two distinct antiparasitic inhibitor targets within the same essential metabolic pathway.
The possibility of divergence of function is suggested by the large variation in pIs among the proteins (3.98 to 5.59).
With this many homologs present, it is likely that there is some amount of redundancy and/or divergence of function.
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Instead, each of the isoforms has a distinct effect on cell shape, implying divergence of functions.
Because of such divergence of functions, it still remains a challenge to answer "what is the nature of association areas?".
Rtt107, the Brc1 homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has a very different pattern of genetic interactions, indicating evolutionary divergence of functions and DNA damage responses.
In contrast to this functional divergence, convergence of function is also seen in the superfamily, specifically concerning binding of tRNA, and structural mimics of tRNA.
Conversely, several domain pair relationships appear to have been lost in arthropods (e.g., module 13 and between modules 1 and 2) indicating either sequence divergence, loss of function provided by the domain combination or recruitment of additional proteins to replace the function.
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