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For all alignments, PAUP* was used to determine percent sequence divergence, number of parsimony informative characters, and concordance with the Rickettsia species tree.
Interestingly, significant phylogeographic signals (nSSRs, RST > FST) were mostly detected between major gene pools, suggesting ancient divergence (number of generations comparable or larger than the reciprocal of the mutation rate; [ 23]).
For this analysis, we focused on the main chromosomes (chromosome 1-28 and chromosome Z) and examined the nucleotide divergence (number of variable sites per unit) between black grouse, chicken and turkey.
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Population divergence, numbers of segregating sites and other measures of polymorphism for both S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus were estimated for each fixed TE, CDEII and centromere flanking region, using Variscan 2.0 (http://www.ub.es/softevol/variscan/) [ 45].
Thus, of the nine possible fully-resolved patterns of the symbiont phylogeny (cf. Additional file 2), two trees were a priori chosen and inspected: one was maximizing the co-divergence number and the other minimizing it.
More specifically, the potential negative relation between individual allele divergence and number of parasite species is in line with the ' divergent allele advantage' hypothesis.
Viral divergence values, number of dN/dS sites and entropy between sequence sources (plasma, PBMC, cervical RNA, and cervical DNA) were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sums tests (JMP, Cary, NC).
Therefore, we can exclude an influence of divergence and number of identified tRNAs on estimates of constraints in our data.
There was a marginally non-significant negative correlation between relative rate of combined gene divergence and number of nucleotides in their respective contigs or singletons (Fig. 5b).
The insertion time of retrotransposons was estimated using the formula T = K/2r [ 63], where T, K and r are time of divergence, average number of substitutions per aligned site and average synonymous substitution rate, respectively.
Although the great majority of plants show conventionally low levels of synonymous site divergence, a number of species have substantially shorter or longer branches for one or more genes.
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