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Even though VDE, together with ZEP, were the first lipocalin-like proteins to be identified in plants [38], [44], there is still considerable debate as to whether VDE can be truly ascribed to the lipocalin protein family because of the great divergence in size, function, and genomic organization between lipocalins and VDEs [45]-[47].
To explore whether the observed shape changes within the " fabarum" group are due to divergence in size between groups and related allometric shape changes, we performed PCA on an allometry-free dataset (residuals obtained from multivariate regression of shape variables an log CS).
In the case of the zinc finger repeat exons, removing all sequences that are not conserved in all repeats leaves insufficient data to construct statistically significant trees as the divergence in size of repeats is extensive (from 207 to 618 aa in length).
For example, the benthic limnetic divergence in Squanga Lake involves divergence in gill raker number, but not in size at maturity, age at maturity or growth rate, while the benthic limnetic pair in East Lake involves divergence in size at maturity, age at maturity and growth rate, but not in gill raker number (Bernatchez et al. 1996; Pigeon et al. 1997).
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Although included in the analyses of contemporary rainforest-ecotone differentiation, we did not evaluate morphological divergence in size-corrected wing and tail measurements, because for museum specimens regressions of these traits on tarsus length were not statistically significant.
Our aim was to explore population divergence in brain size and in the size of different parts of the brain (viz.
However, the divergence in group size and the small sample size (due to the high dropout rate) may have contributed to this result.
Genomic regions of elevated divergence ranged in size from a single position to several cM.
This prediction has not been rigorously investigated using whole-genome sequence data, and it remains unclear whether such islands of divergence increase in size, how quickly they grow, or how the number, density, and chromosomal distribution of divergent regions change over time (Feder et al., 2012a; Nadeau et al., 2013; Nosil et al., 2009).
Some call attributes (notably dominant frequency) show a highly significant relationship to body size raising the possibility that (i) divergence in body size is either ecophenotypic or caused by diversifying selection in different environments, and has resulted in divergence in call frequency, or (ii) selection on call itself [ 27], mediated by female choice, has produced divergence in body size.
Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that Z. minutus and Z. inornatus diverged about 2.06 Ma 1.67 2.477), suggesting that the significant divergence in body size between these species has evolved recently.
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