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SDs located within these inversions showed a slight increase in divergence (highly significant for old SDs and marginally significant for young SDs).
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Our third major finding is the differential expression in a primitively eusocial paper wasp of some of the same genes and peptides/proteins that are implicated in worker/queen developmental divergence in highly eusocial bees.
Functional divergence of highly similar sequences has been detected in many protein families [ 7, 8].
All between-population comparisons of neutral divergence were highly significant (P < 0.001).
*Multiple sequences were chosen to capture the maximum extent of intraspecific genetic divergence within highly diverse taxa (variants arbitrarily labeled A or B).
However, the level of divergence is highly non-uniform within the COI gene in the comparisons, including S. latissima and other Saccharina species.
Gene by gene diversity, as estimated by nucleotide divergence, was highly variable, and was highest in nad4L and atp6, and least in rrnS.
In contrast, the divergence of highly expressed genes tends to correlate positively with recombination rate, though all such associations are weak.
It is therefore noteworthy that Tasr phylogeography departs significantly from the genome wide autosomal pattern and, for these taste receptors, the extreme autosomal Asia Europepe divergence is highly attenuated.
The small sizes of effective populations of riparian species could have promoted the fixation of adaptive trait divergence in highly disturbed flooded habitats.
Over 340 genes differed in brain expression between flies from the African and European populations, with the inter-population divergence being highly correlated between males and females.
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