However, additional genetic differentiation can have evolved within lineages at much shorter time scales than those associated with the divergence between these old trout lineages, particularly when driven by recent or ongoing divergent selection between environments.
In the case of vertebrate (chordate) VDAC isoforms, it is estimated that the divergence between VDAC3 (the oldest isoform) and VDAC1/2 (precursor for VDAC2 and VDAC1) occurred about 365 ± 60 Ma (Shoshan-Barmatz et al. 2010).
Meanwhile, the candidates in the US presidential race seem to be finding it hard to get their heads round the reduced circumstances of America's strategic place in the world compared with eight years ago, let alone tackle the growing divergence between the US and Europe, old and new.
We arbitrarily chose 10,000 generations and a mutation rate of 15 × 10− mutation per codon to produce an average pairwise divergence of 30% between the oldest copies at the end of the simulations and keep our simulations manageable in terms of computational time.
These problems are not present to the same degree in the human genome and the flexibility of the technology can support the divergence between humans and old world monkeys [ 62].
Nervous investors fled tech stocks and sought a safe haven among blue chips, exasperating the divergence between the new-economy and old-economy stocks.
While this divergence between the USA and Colombia is of old date, there are countries that in the last 50 years have managed to close the income gap, leaving behind other developing economies.
We developed a statistic, D (the Euclidean distance between the two haplotype frequency vectors), that summarizes total haplotypic divergence between control and old flies within each population.
Using a relaxed molecular clock, the divergence between the eastern and western species was dated at 25.60 M years, which is considerably older than previously suggested.
For both age groups, the divergence between the predicted and observed values of the employment rate appears earlier, at the beginning of 2006 for the older age group, between the second and third quarter of 2006 for the youngest one.
