Both Genera Aquifex and Thermus are closely related based on genome signature-based phylogeny, despite their apparent divergence based on other criteria [ 36].
The most early ancestral eukaryotic progenitor is assumed to contain already many introns, prior to initial divergence, based on the existence of introns in homologous genes across early diverged species (Fedorov et al. 2002; Rogozin et al. 2003; Stajich et al. 2007).
Remarkably, there is a huge divergence based on region.
In short, both of the competing narratives about American entrepreneurship are true because we are witnessing a divergence based on the skill set of would-be founders.
Substitution of this divergence operator for the previously used divergence based on central differences makes a dramatic improvement in the overall volume conservation that is observed in an immersed-boundary computation.
The support operator method designs mimetic finite difference schemes by first constructing a discrete divergence operator based on the divergence theorem, and then defining the discrete gradient operator as the adjoint operator of the divergence based on the Gauss theorem connecting the divergence and gradient operators, which remains valid also in the discrete case.
We calculated path overlap and divergence based on these solutions for various values of θ.
Sequence divergence based on the pairwise K2P distances between the Japanese specimens (Network 12) and the Northern European (Network 4) is 12.4% (Table 2).
However, because the progression to monophyly is governed by both time and effective population size [33], [55], it is difficult to place lineages on a relative temporal scale of divergence based on their overall GsiT.
The maximum-likelihood (ML) divergence based on the complete mtDNA sequence for the entire Q haplogroup was 0.00036±0.00008 substitutions per site (Figure 1 and Table 3), and corresponded to a divergence time of 17.7±3.9 ky according to the mutation rate proposed by Achilli et al. 2008 [9].
For the combined data set (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2), pairwise nucleotide sequence divergence based on Kimura two-parameter distance method [17] ranged from 0.17 to 2.92% among taxa of Zea, with a mean value of 1.29%; between species of Zea and the outgroup taxa, it ranged from 0.17 to 9.54% (Table 3).
