Moreover, during the last few years, gene expression studies have shown, for some genes, that this parallel phenotypic evolution of whitefish morphs accompanied by parallelism in expression of the genes potentially underlies phenotypic divergence [ 1, 2, 8, 29, 30].
Conflicting models have been proposed whereby mixed breeding systems either slow [ 12] or accelerate divergence [ 18, 23, 26].
Moreover, recent extensive gene expression studies have shown that, for some genes, this parallel phenotypic evolution of whitefish morphs is accompanied by parallelism in expression of the genes potentially underlying phenotypic divergence [ 1, 2, 8].
The high quality resonant modes oscillating along the 1D structure provide strongly directional optical properties that are essential in some key applications such as coherent/incoherent optical light sources, requiring a highly directional emission with minimum spatial divergence [1, 2].
β divergence is equivalent to Itakura-Saito divergence (β=0), Kullback-Leibler divergence (β=1), and Euclidean divergence (β=2).
Beam divergence 0.25 mrad (1/e) Overlap between flight lines 30%.
Some works have been proposed for online dictionary learning using L2 norms [17],[18], KL divergence [19], and IS divergence [20].
As mentioned in Section 2.1, three settings of the β-divergence are commonly used for NMF and NTF: Euclidean distance (β=2), KL divergence (β=1), and Itakura-Saito (IS) divergence (β=0).
