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where N 0, σ2I n ) represents the zero mean disturbances process with the constant variance σ2.
However, people usually have to deal with measurement disturbances, process noise, and complicated dynamics when analyzing the actual industrial processes.
The different scales of wavelet transform represent details such as external disturbances, process noise and measurement noise.
Many different factors such as process dynamics, disturbances, process uncertainties and actuator saturation have to be considered when designing a control system.
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To prevent population collapse due to nutrient depletion, we replaced 10 ml of microcosm contents with sterile medium in each undisturbed community after 3 weeks [43]; we did not conduct this procedure in disturbed patches because nutrient medium was already being replaced through the disturbance process.
The actual disturbance process is assumed to be serially uncorrelated.
Fire is an important disturbance process historically present across the northern Great Plains.
Windthrow is a recurring disturbance process in regions that are influenced by maritime climates, including boreal forests.
Soil chemical elements are important parameters for soil origin diagnosis, and are sensitive indicators of human disturbance process.
Fire was arguably the most important forest and rangeland disturbance process in the Inland Northwest United States for millennia.
ε t = (ε 1t, ε 2t )′ represents the disturbance process that is normally distributed with zero mean and a variance of Σ ε.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com