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This is achieved by mapping from a uniform random distribution over (t in 0, 1]) to (2 pi t) for the angle ϕ, and from a uniform random distribution over (u in[0, 1]) to (cos^{-1}(2u - 1)) for the angle θ. Figure 14 shows a comparison of the distributions of speeds with (red) and without (blue) the effect of applying (mathbf {v}_{mathrm {im}}) and mass loss in the companion star.
Distributions of speeds were modelled using a mixture of Gaussians.
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In terms of data collection, traditional fixed-based methods have been widely used in previous studies, but they fail to capture the spatio-temporal distributions of speed along a road.
Similarly, our model recreates many possible tracks using distributions of speed and azimuth controlled by the raw data and their associated error distributions.
Marginal and joint probability distributions of speed, position, segment duration, path curvature, and reorientation angle are examined and related to the observed behavior.
(C ) Distributions of speed-Δrate and speed-ΔCOM correlation values for all CA1 place cells and location-responsive V1 cells.
The intensity of nuclear fusion reactions in a plasma is derived by averaging the product of the particles' speed and their cross sections over a distribution of speeds corresponding to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
About two decades after Clapeyron wrote it down, August Krönig and Rudolf Clausius independently looked at the statistical distribution of speeds (and hence energy) among the particles to work out how pressure, volume and temperature related to each other in a gas – an approach known as statistical mechanics.
Initially, we see uniform distribution of speeds and therefore uniform current density.
Consequently, it is not reasonable to study the effect of a single transmission speed, but rather a distribution of speeds.
This differs from 'time-mean' speed, as often measured, only if there is a distribution of speeds in the traffic, neglected here to first approximation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com