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The distributional predictions based on GARP models indicate a potentially broad distribution for this species and suggest additional areas of risk beyond those previously reported (14 ), should this problem become of greater public health concern.
This would allow us to test both distributional predictions quantitatively with independent occurrence data.
We selected GARP as a modeling implement because distributional predictions derived from GARP models have proven accurate under a variety of circumstances [39], and because GARP is robust to small occurrence data sets [40].
Model omission was high for introduced tench populations (54.7%), but the model correctly identified some areas where the species has been successful; distributional predictions for black carp show that large portions of eastern North America are at risk.
Spurious associations between occurrence points and ecologic dimensions, though usually detected through independent test datasets, can limit distributional predictions overmuch.
The current distributional predictions (fig. 3) were fairly good representations of the taxon's extant geographical distribution (Harlan and Zohary 1966; Bothmer et al. 1995).
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We calculated the median of the commission index (calculated as the proportional area predicted present [80]) across all zero-omission models, and selected the 10 models with the lowest deviation from the median as the best model-set used in the distributional prediction [78].
Figures 4, 5, 6 show (i) upper panels: violin-plot distributional form of predictions and (ii) lower panels: Hosmer-Lemeshow-test parameter estimates, for determination and validation sets for each of the estimators, grouped by increasing scalar values of the Hosmer-Lemeshow parameter estimates.
Predictable predictions?
The advantage of this approach is that a GLM can accommodate heteroskedasticity through selection of the correct distributional family while generating predictions on the cost scale.
A first, and very important, assumption of these approaches is that ecological niches are conservative enough over time that they can serve as a basis for predictions about the distributional potential of species.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com