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In island archipelagos, where islands have experienced repeated periods of fragmentation and connection through cyclic changes in sea level, complex among-island distributions might reflect historical distributional changes or local evolution.
Specifically, relative to species that fail to move, species that undergo range changes may experience (1) greater in situ adaptation in the novel environments encountered as a result of distributional changes or (2) reduced in situ adaptation because changes in distribution allow them to track i.e., to continue to inhabit preferred habitats.
A number of parameters could be used to explore these distributional changes, including skew and kurtosis, or the correlation to a normal distribution.
Looking at the results from 1991 to 2012, the paper documents how the distributional changes over time hollowed out the middle of the Ghanaian household consumption distribution and increased the concentration of households around the highest and lowest deciles; there was a clear surge in polarization indeed.
While the empirical distributions do not have values quite as extreme in the right tail as theoretical distributions, the deviation from the identity line is very small relative to the distributional changes observed herein.
Distributional changes can and do affect the real economy.
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The second is relatively rapid back-and-forth shifting of distribution, leaving no significant distributional change between start and finish; we refer to this as 'back-and-forth shifting'.
A similar distributional change, the scientists argue, is affecting the hydrological cycle: the rate at which groundwater is recharged is likely to increase in temperate climes and fall in tropical ones, leading to further drying of the soil in the dry tropics.The most important distributional change, the IPCC reckons, concerns food, especially cereal crops.
Similarly, Ruth and Koyak ([2011]) show that ensembles of disjoint low-weight non-bipartite matchings carry significant information regarding whether a distributional change occurs over a sequence of independent observations.
Such a distributional change has been justified from a biological perspective.
Figure 2 shows the distributional change of IFN-γ methylation assuming an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration.
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