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Swimming has proven to have multiple positive effects in the areas of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease [6, 7], on cardiorespiratory fitness [8, 9], and on anthropometric measures such as body weight, fat distribution, waist circumference, body mass index [10, 11], and blood pressure [12].
As an additional estimate of body fat distribution, waist circumference was measured as a surrogate of central adiposity.
In this study, we examined the effectiveness of adding anthropometric measures of body fat distribution (Waist C Z Score, WHR Z Score and/or WHtR) to BMI Z Score to predict cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese youth.
While studies have typically used WHR to measure body fat distribution, waist circumference has been shown to be a better marker of central obesity than WHR in AA women [ 4].
In addition, adjustments for BMI (as a continuous variable) were used to examine whether measures of body distribution (waist circumference, hip circumference) were associated with breast cancer risk independently of general excess weight.
As obesity in children is not easy to determine and cut-off values vary with age, we will address body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and fat distribution (waist circumference and waist-height-ratio) in addition to BMI.
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Abdominal obesity measures (waist and waist-height ratio) were larger in non-RA subjects whereas RA was not associated with an altered fat distribution (waist-hip ratio).
Unexpectedly, we observed an intergenic locus on 7p15.2 that was genome-wide significantly associated with both endometriosis and fat distribution (waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI; WHRadjBMI) in an independent meta-GWAS of European ancestry individuals.
To account for these differences in fat distribution, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR = waist circumference [WC]/hip circumference) is commonly used and BMI and WHR are correlated (r 2 ~ 0.6) [ 17].
However, other conventional risk factors including fat distribution (waist-hip ratio), current smoking, diabetes, and hypertension prevalence as well as the number of major traditional risk factors did not differ by RA status.
We analyzed whether age, BMI, fat distribution (waist-hip ratio), OSA severity (AHI, dessaturation index, minimum 02 saturation), serum lipids and glucose intolerance could be correlated with basal serum leptin levels or not.
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