A special surcharge coefficient1 is used as a coefficient on cost of gas excluding transportation and distribution tariffs and VAT.
Presumably, visceral adiposity is more closely related to future cardiac events than BMI, which is not reflective of VAT distribution and is strongly governed by subcutaneous adipose tissue.
All multivariate analyses were performed twice, using the absolute abdominal fat tissue distribution (SSAT, DSAT, VAT) or the relative (in percent) of each depot from total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) (SSAT%, DSAT%, VAT%).
Importantly, this effect remained after controlling for the amount of weight lost, suggesting that the ability to improve body fat distribution (ie, lose VAT) with exercise, independent of weight change, is impaired by T2DM.
Among those in the lower two-thirds of the VAT distribution, more SAT is also associated with increased risk of most other risk factors examined, suggesting that SAT is not protective in these individuals.
Further studies are required that consider body fat distribution, especially visceral adipose tissue (VAT), given that VAT is strongly associated with IR [ 11] and VAT deposition differs according to ethnicity [ 12].
The central distribution of BFM (particularly VAT accumulation) seems to be a strong independent predictor of all-cause mortality in both females and males [ 14].
When assessing the abdominal distribution of adipose tissue, VAT was shown to be associated with hand OA in men, suggesting involvement of visceral fat in hand OA.
As for the correlations of VAT or SAT distribution and WC with cardiovascular risk factors in men, we found a strong positive correlation between VAT and BMI (Spearman correlation coefficient [ r] = 0.669, P < 0.001).
Nevertheless, our findings of an attenuation of the effect of in utero exposure on childhood adiposity by breastfeeding was robust and consistent across various measures of adiposity including BMI, waist circumference, SAT, VAT, and fat distribution.
