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In [11, 12, 13], the need for coordination between transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system operator (DSO) operation are discussed.
The integration of energy storage systems (ESSs), co-located with distributed photovoltaic (PV) units in low voltage (LV) networks, offers new opportunities to support distribution system operator (DSO) in distribution network operations and management.
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs), while at the moment still expensive, are from a technical point of view exceptionally well suited to support a distribution system operator (DSO) in the challenges created by increasing distributed, fluctuating and uncertain generation from renewable energy sources (RES), as well as by the unbundling of electricity retailing and grid operation.
In this study, a two level hierarchical control method for integrating EVs into the distribution network is proposed to coordinate the self-interests and operational constraints of two actors, the EV owner and Distribution system operator (DSO), facilitated by the introduction of the fleet operator (FO) and the grid capacity market operator (CMO).
In the proposed approach, three different risk strategies are defined for distribution system operator (DSO).
First, a single objective optimization problem is defined to maximize the profit of the distribution system operator.
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Practically, it consists in the optimal positioning, sizing and real-time use of the different devices and processes that can currently be employed by the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to operate efficiently and securely the network: the on-load tap changer (OLTC) of transformer, the reactive power compensation devices, the curtailment of distributed generation (DG) and the load-shedding.
Because of the increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) units, distribution system operators are faced with significant challenges such as voltage and congestion problems.
Analogously, for smart distribution systems, the quick and sharp fluctuations of DG outputs [3] and the frequent change of the network topology urge the distribution system operators to assess the operating conditions in an accurate and fast manner.
The increasing penetration of fluctuating photovoltaic (PV) generation brings operational challenges for distribution system operators, such as introducing the voltage rise problem.
It introduces regional operational centres for handling-system operation and a European entity for distribution system operators.
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