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Volcanic ash can be transported up to thousands of kilometres from a source, and understanding the spatial distribution of fallout from all potential events is essential for quantifying the risk to a region.
We report on the small scale (< 10 m) and landscape scale (10 to 1000 m) distribution of fallout 137Cs, and show significant variability in the concentrations and amounts of 137Cs in soils at our site.
Our simulation results also clearly indicate that fine ash particles suspended in horizontally moving clouds were transported toward the east-southeast by high-altitude winds, whereas the distribution of fallout from the eruption cloud was strongly controlled by low-altitude winds.
The presence of aggregates has, in the past, been inferred from the observation of a polymodal particle size distribution of fallout deposits and is the most viable mechanism to explain the occurrence of secondary thickness maxima in such deposits (i.e., Sarna-Wojcicki et al. 1981; Carey and Sigurdsson 1982; Brazier et al. 1982, 1983).
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The impact is illustrated by calculations showing the distribution of 210Pb fallout versus longitude at northern mid-latitudes.
The resulting hazard simulation maps show the potential distribution of pyroclastic fallout, PDCs and lava flows, indicating areas to the S/SE of Valles Caldera to be at greatest risk.
This is attributed to the fact that the distribution of radioactive fallout after the wildfires occurred to the intensely populated Western Europe, whereas after Fukushima it occurred towards the Pacific Ocean.
The French Polynesian population was not aware of the geographic distribution of the fallout during the 1966 1974 period.
Knowledge of the charge distribution within volcanic plumes, together with the dynamics of the plume rise, is therefore necessary in order to accurately forecast atmospheric ash concentrations and the distribution of tephra fallout both near to the vent and at distallocations.
This measurement is repeated several times at the same location to calculate average thickness (generally in cm or mm) and then repeated in different locations to study the spatial distribution of the tephra fallout.
The direction of transport and the downwind distribution of the radioactive fallout depend on the wind velocity and direction while the degree of dispersion depends on atmospheric stratification, turbulence, etc.
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