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Forest plots were created to show the distribution of effect estimates across studies for each risk marker studied.
In order to produce a more precise estimation of the mean value of the distribution of effect sizes (namely the summary effect) both the original variance within-study and the variance between-studies were considered [31, 32].
On the contrary, under the random-effects model, the true effect is different from study to study and the summary effect is the estimate of the mean of the distribution of effect sizes.
For example, the genotype phenotype map can be described in terms of the number of traits the mutations at a gene affect (pleiotropy), how many genes affect the same trait (polygeny), distribution of effect sizes, etc.
Although only a marginal to no indication was found for publication bias by means of funnel plot analysis of the distribution of effect sizes, articles published in peer reviewed journals showed relatively large effect sizes.
Indeed, differently from the case of the fixed-effect model where all studies in the analysis share the same true effect size, and the summary effect is the estimate of this common effect size, under the random-effects model the true effect size varies from study to study, and the summary effect represents the estimate of the mean of the distribution of effect sizes.
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Distribution of effects on PPT did not support either neural segmental or Traditional Chinese Medicine channel theories.
Furthermore, the percent distribution of effects indicated the possible bidirectional effects of ageing and urbanization on disability prevalence.
Imbalanced distribution of effect-modifiers across studies may be a common cause of both heterogeneity in pair-wise meta-analysis and evidence inconsistency in network meta-analysis [ 17].
Rather, the effects came from some statistical distribution of effects.
In essence random-effect model exchanges questionable homogeneity assumption for a fictitious random distribution of effects.
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