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This was codified in Orr's QTL sign test [ 20], which compares the distribution of direction of QTL effects to a random expectation, as a quantitative genetic metric of directional selection.
If a cluster represents a stop location, the points are scattered around the location, and the points should have an even distribution of direction changes.
In each time scale, if the motor state is 1, the cell runs forward at a speed 0.02 mm/s [33]; otherwise, it tumbles and reorients, and distribution of direction deflection follows the finding of Liu et al [33].
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By plotting the distribution of directions, the team show that links are more common between places that are at similar latitudes.
We also adapt these spatial techniques to estimate the distribution of directions of the r largest hurricane wind speeds at each site.
Initially introduced in [9], these features provide a detailed distribution of directions and can also be applied at several sizes by positioning a window centered at each contour pixel and counting the occurrences of each direction, as shown in Figure 6a.
The distribution of directions suggests that all arise from a neighboring cluster of orientation tuned neurons.
The distribution of directions ψ 7a (i),ψ DP (i) for the ith experiment was computed from the Θ(I,J) in areas 7a and DP; ROIs were 5.5×1.4 mm.
Since objects in space can move in any direction, a uniform distribution of directions seemed a reasonable first approximation from which to obtain the cumulative probability distributions of the variety of natural motion stimuli that would have been encountered by observers (although gravity and other factors would of course affect the distribution in nature; see above).
This orientation is then used to build a distribution of directions by assigning the square of the orientation into the appropriate bin.
This form for σ0 is chosen to correspond to the standard deviation of a normal distribution whose tails have been wrapped around a circle [ 26], and our intuition for Gaussian distributions can be similarly applied to σ0: values of σ0 ≈ 0 indicate a very narrow distribution, while values of σ0 → ∞ indicate an essentially uniform distribution of directions around the circle.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com