The distribution of constraints in introns moving away from the splice sites, however, indicates that the regions under strong constraints in rice are quite short, only about 10 bp at the 5' end and even shorter at the 3' end (Fig. 4).
Using this approach, we compared a model assuming homogenous distribution of selective constraints along the protein and the phylogeny (model M0: one ω value for the entire tree and alignment) to a model assuming an independent ω for each lineage of the tree [ 66].
Using stringent criteria, we identified a set of high-quality orthologous non-coding sequences between T. parva and T. annulata, and determined the distribution of selective constraints across regions, which are shown to be higher close to translation start sites.
Modern Bayesian methods allow for the incorporation of a prior distribution of ages ("age constraints"), and thus uncertainty, into these fossil calibrations and ultimately, autocorrelation estimates.
Although these only represent a small fraction of the total number of pairs of individuals compared across all populations, it shows that the framework of comparing distributions of constraint scores on the individual level is able to detect significant differences, even for supposedly 'healthy' individuals from the 1000 Genomes populations.
Participating customers' electricity cost is minimized on the premise of satisfying relevant distribution network device constraints and customers' thermal comfort constraints.
We first investigate whether the distribution of selective constraints acting on the OS-E and OS-F genes fluctuate across lineages; for that, we compared the fit to the data of the "one ratio" model (M0), which assumes a constant selective pressure across branches, with the "free ratios" model (FR), where the rate parameters are estimated independently in each lineage.
We computed the distribution of 20 soil constraints, and used these to categorize soils as 'good', 'poor', 'very poor', or 'problem soil' for rice production.
The same reasoning applies to other biosynthetic pathways with a similar distribution of selective constraints (Sharkey et al. 2005; Livingstone and Anderson 2009; Ramsay et al. 2009).
It is conceivable that modifications at the ligand receptor interaction may reflect adaptation to changing conditions and may play a role in the distribution of selective constraints in signal transduction pathways.
