Chilling injury-insurable counties were concentrated in the Yangtze Plain and YG Plateau regions (Fig. 5a), while heat damage-insurable areas were generally distributed in higher latitude areas of North and Sichuan (Fig. 5b).
Thus, the present results may not always apply to peripheral populations of this species distributed in higher latitude areas in Japan.
The term geographical parthenogenesis is used for the tendency of parthenogenetic populations to be distributed in high latitudes reflecting an association between parthenogenesis and environments that were strongly affected by the Pleistocene glacial cycles [ 6, 38].
For example, it has been observed that high elevation (e.g. over 4000 m) lizards tend to exhibit considerably shorter daily activities, often no more than four or five hours a day [ 71- 73], than species distributed in lower latitudes and elevations, which may remain active for over twelve hours per day [ 57, 61, 72, 74- 76].
For Artiodactyla and Lagomorpha, the highly deviating residuals were largely distributed in the higher latitudes while for Chiroptera, the highly deviating residuals were largely distributed in lower latitudes.
In addition, warm anomalies were distributed in the mid-latitude waters of East Asia too so that important environments were formed that enabled TCs to maintain high intensity even when they have moved northward to regions around Korea in high EASMI years.
Few species are cosmopolitan in distribution, but the group as a whole is widely distributed in tropical and temperate latitudes.
Hibernating bats (e.g., some species in superfamilies Rhinolophoidea, Emballonuroidea, and Vespertilionoidea) are mostly distributed in subtropical or cold latitudes, whereas non-hibernating bats are mainly reside in warm subtropical or tropical latitudes [ 9].
The data analysis is established on IMF observations from ACE spacecraft, Dst records and foF2 critical frequency observations from four middle latitude stations distributed in longitude around the earth.
