We propose a novel mechanism of stem cell fate selection in an open niche environment whereby undifferentiated cells show heterogeneous competence to differentiate in response to ubiquitously distributed differentiation-inducing signals.
The framework incorporates Laplace asymptotic approximations as well as stochastic algorithms, along with distributed numerical differentiation and task-based parallelism for heterogeneous clusters.
To a large extent, the exponentially distributed first HSC differentiation times and the growth and turnover of the progenitor pool control the shape of the expected long-time clone size distribution.
The appreciable numbers of unsynchronized HSCs allow the assumption of Poisson-distributed differentiation times of the HSC population.
BDNF is a powerful differentiation factor distributed widely in the central nervous system (CNS), and its concentration is particularly high in the hippocampus [24].
In this work, we describe how signatures of positive selection and population differentiation are distributed accordingly to node centrality values, and we discuss how these values can be interpreted in the light of what is known about the biology of the Asparagine N-Glycosylation pathway.
AMOVA of microsatellite alleles indicated nonsignificant amounts of differentiation (0%) distributed between north and south groups and little but significant population differentiation with 1.9% (P < 0.001) of the variance distributed among populations (Table 2).
The former consists of the Euler Lagrange equations of this problem and its associated boundary conditions, while the latter represents a weighted residual integral in which the differentiation is equally distributed among the primary field variables and their variations.
These results suggest that more Cdx2 transcripts become distributed to cells that initiate differentiation into TE rather than to cells that develop as pluripotent ICM.
The distribution of examiner stringency estimates in the yardstick also makes clear that, to a good first approximation, stringency is normally distributed, and refutes any simple differentiation of examiners into two separate classes who can be called hawks and doves.
In summary, we discovered that genome-wide patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation among continuously distributed Baltic Sea three-spined stickleback populations – as assessed from polymorphisms in over 30,000 SNP loci – varied widely across the genome.
