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On the one hand it enhances the perceptual saliency of objects which are relevant for the current behavioral goals; on the other it suppresses the saliency of the less relevant, and possibly distracting items, whose processing may in fact harm the execution of the intended behavior [1] [4].
In visual search tasks – where subjects must report the presence of a given target within an array of distracting items – such learning effects have been observed both in the form of speeded detection of more frequent target stimuli and powerful suppression of distracters, in all cases leading to more efficient processing of the practiced stimulus arrays [10] [25].
Put down distracting items.
Carry around distracting items such as an exciting book or a puzzle collection.[7].
Put away all distracting items such as cell phones etc. before you even step behind the steering wheel.
To pay attention, remove all distracting items from your desk; this includes iPads, laptops, a note from a friend or any juicy reading you're trying to catch up on.
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Furthermore, the behavioral work on which Theeuwes et al.'s (2009) framework is based indicates that the sudden onset of an irrelevant perceptual item during a retention interval can cause the memorized location to be shifted toward the distracting item (Van der Stigchel, Merten, Meeter, & Theeuwes, 2007).
The frequency of positive responses to twenty-eight items in BP patients was significantly higher than in UP patients, with the exception of four items (7th item, tend to drive faster; 21st item, more easily distracted; 25th item, more impatient/irritable; 32nd item, take more drugs; Figure 1).
The task used in this study required the filtering of only one distracting unattended item of a salient nature (i.e., in a color of equal luminance to the target) and six other non-task-related items.
Do not get distracted by items such as cell phones.
Type A distractors (based on the recency effect) demonstrated the strongest distracting effect across item types and proficiency levels, resulting in the highest percentages of incorrect responses as well as the highest average examinee ability who selected this distractor.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com