And non-publication (publication bias) can distort knowledge.
The economic reforms that took place over the past decades were motivated substantially by the Chinese central government, and recent scholars have noted the positive role that ideology played in driving those reforms, notwithstanding that economists historically view ideology as "distorting… knowledge, judgment and decision making" (Lieber 2013: p344).
The Holocaust on Trial (Granta £17.99, pp343) demonstrates the extraordinary nature of the human personality; that with education, information and historical example, it is still possible to bend and distort precious knowledge to evil ends.
The systematic production of ignorance and distorted, unethical "knowledge" of the peoples of Continental Africa persists in academic philosophy, especially in the training of new professionals, in the writing of canonical histories of the discipline, and in the construction of disciplinary curricula though progressive change has begun.
Brändström observed that elements of the media had called for greater public accountability and explanation of the project; ill-informed media analysis had also proved to distort public knowledge of the Gripen.
Patients newly diagnosed with a disease often turn to patient advocacy groups for advice, but the money flow to such groups may distort patients' knowledge and public debate over treatment options, said Dr. Adriane Fugh-Berman, the director of PharmedOut, a Georgetown University Medical Center program that is critical of some pharmaceutical marketing practices.
Plagiarism is qualitatively different from the other two because it does not distort scientific knowledge, although it has important consequences for the careers of the people involved, and thus for the whole scientific enterprise [11].
This situation contains a strong potential to generate confusion, distorts the knowledge, and hampers the understanding of the acute leukaemia aetiology.
The passing down of received opinion from generation to generation distorts the original knowledge and leads to false beliefs.
In the application of the proposed method, we distorted the prior knowledge matrix by assigning the same probability values, ' a', to the edges and the same probability values, ' b', to the entries with no edges using all combinations for ' a' and ' b' in the range [0,1] with 0.1 increments.
To standardize outcomes, the number of respondents who recalled at least one incident of misconduct was calculated for each question, and the analysis was limited to behaviours that distort scientific knowledge: fabrication, falsification, "cooking" of data, etc.Survey questions on plagiarism and other forms of professional misconduct were excluded.
