Myers suggested that precipitation could have been highly seasonal at the Wyoming site, and this could have distorted the estimate for the total rainfall.
In contrast with the present study, the previous study used Massachusetts residents aged ≥65 as the comparison cohort; changes in practice patterns or Medicare payments affecting only the older group could have distorted the estimate of reform effect.
Violations of this assumption can substantially distort the estimates of interaction.
Censoring of the data by the artificial ceiling of AAA in A levels therefore distorts the estimates of effect size.
To assess the sensitivity of models to factors which may distort the estimates, each model was subject to three re-analyses.
We accept that a short sampling period may distort the estimates made, because of seasonal variations in disease incidence, and sampling bias.
The new research shows that "the methods used in these studies tend to inflate and distort the estimated internal variability owing to an incorrect partition of internal and forced variability".
We note that the efficacy of forcing is another important factor that may distort the estimate of the ECS from observations, as pointed out by Kummer and Dessler (2014), Shindell (2014), and Shindell et al. (2015).
When m is calculated as the average number of alleles per locus, these "hypermutable" loci lead to an increase in m, distorting the estimate of saturation.
Confounding happens when the effect of at least one extraneous factor (e.g., body mass index, BMI) is mixed with the effect of an exposure of interest (25(OH D), thus distorting the estimate of the latter [ 89].
