Exact(1)
We note that the efficacy of forcing is another important factor that may distort the estimate of the ECS from observations, as pointed out by Kummer and Dessler (2014), Shindell (2014), and Shindell et al. (2015).
Similar(59)
Violations of this assumption can substantially distort the estimates of interaction.
To assess the sensitivity of models to factors which may distort the estimates, each model was subject to three re-analyses.
We accept that a short sampling period may distort the estimates made, because of seasonal variations in disease incidence, and sampling bias.
If these non-epithelial dense components are constant across levels of exposures (risk factors) studied, their presence should not affect our ORs, although they will distort the estimated volume of true glandular tissue.
A meta-epidemiological study involving 146 meta-analyses demonstrated that in trials with subjective outcomes the estimated effect sizes were exaggerated when there was inadequate concealment or blinding, while in trials with objective outcomes such as mortality, there was little evidence that inadequate concealment and lack of blinding would distort the estimated effect sizes [ 37].
Myers suggested that precipitation could have been highly seasonal at the Wyoming site, and this could have distorted the estimate for the total rainfall.
When m is calculated as the average number of alleles per locus, these "hypermutable" loci lead to an increase in m, distorting the estimate of saturation.
Confounding happens when the effect of at least one extraneous factor (e.g., body mass index, BMI) is mixed with the effect of an exposure of interest (25(OH D), thus distorting the estimate of the latter [ 89].
In contrast with the present study, the previous study used Massachusetts residents aged ≥65 as the comparison cohort; changes in practice patterns or Medicare payments affecting only the older group could have distorted the estimate of reform effect.
Thus the huge scatter, inevitable in fatigue tests, distorted the estimates of D0c and, thereby, also of the size of the cyclic fracture process zone (FPZ), to which D0c is proportional.
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