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It was shown that this ascertainment bias can distort measures of population divergence [ 71].
Because embryos could not be constantly monitored in the streams and initial variation in fertilization success between populations can potentially distort measures of population-specific survival, fertilization success was monitored in the laboratory under sterile and temperature-controlled conditions as follows.
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We included this last ratio to highlight how interfering signals can distort measured ratios upward as well and downward.
The draft says: "The Parties shall cooperate to reduce or eliminate trade and investment distorting measures in third countries affecting energy and raw materials".
Between them, the G20 group of countries have imposed more than 3,500 trade-distorting measures since the crisis began, 80% of which remain in force.
"One could argue that we already provide social service to inmates, but leaving them out of the data distorts measures of progress".
Distorted measures carry the error in their meta-analysis.
Among the most important distorting measures in image processing is the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, PSNR [ 25].
However, these differences cannot induce a bias for the association between survey effort and health status unless variables on which non-respondents differ from respondents are correlated to both survey effort and health status, and are so in a way that distorts measures that were used to elicit the association.
Selection bias is a systematic error in epidemiologic studies that may seriously distort true measures of associations between exposure and disease.
The use of ORF sequences in whole genomes without prior knowledge of where the genes, mainly the exons, are located presents a number of issues that can distort the measures used to discriminate between true and false peptide hits.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com