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Numerous defenders of evolution have tried to approach this issue by arguing for the importance of distinguishing "methodological" materialism from "philosophical" or "ontological" materialism (Pennock 1999; Scott 2009).
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It is important to distinguish methodological issues in economics (see Hausman 2008) from normative questions.
The study offers an analytic framework for understanding classroom observation systems across contexts, distinguishing conceptual, methodological and policy aspects that shape these systems.
At least three core types can be distinguished: ontological, methodological, and epistemic (Sarkar 1992; cf. Nagel 1998).
Professors and teachers should distinguish between methodological and philosophical naturalism to decrease the likelihood of students mistaking the inability to use supernatural causes to provide scientific explanations of natural phenomena with the outright rejection of the supernatural.
Another way of discriminating naturalists in recent literature (Kornblith 1985, Papineau 2007) is to distinguish between methodological and substantive naturalism; where the former has as its sub-varieties (a) Replacement Theory and (b) Expansionist/ Normative Theory, while the latter may be subdivided into Ontological and Semantic varieties.
Health economists distinguish between several methodological approaches.
Little and Rubin (1987, 2002) provide a comprehensive overview of statistical analysis with missing data and distinguish four main methodological schools in addressing missing-value issues in statistics.
Pfeiffer et al. [ 11] (2013) and Schilbach et al. (2013) [ 10] distinguish two different methodological approaches.
Incomplete reporting limits interpretation, but more importantly, this reporting factor should be distinguished from the methodological quality of the trial [ 72].
In the literature, several related but different assumptions underlying adjusted indirect comparison (figure) have not been clearly distinguished, resulting in methodological and practical problems in the interpretation of indirect or mixed treatment comparison.
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