Of importance when exploring this issue, we distinguished between prospective and retrospective measurement of preferences.
We distinguished between prospective community studies and surveys retrospectively assessing events since the precision of information on vaccination status and age presumably is better in prospective studies.
Two recent meta-analyses examining these claims did not include all relevant studies and ignored prevalent ceiling effects, age confounds, and did not distinguish between prospective memory subdomains (e.g., ProM proper, vigilance, habitual ProM) (see Uttl, 2008, PLoS ONE).
In a similar meta-analysis, Zhao et al. (2013) concluded that shorter telomere length is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, although this meta-analysis did not distinguish between prospective and retrospective studies.
First, Graf and Uttl [1], [2] distinguished between different subdomains of prospective memory: prospective memory proper or episodic prospective memory (cf. Harris [4]), vigilance/monitoring, and habitual prospective memory.
President Barack Obama's apparent short list of prospective Supreme Court nominees includes distinguished jurists and respected legal minds.
Secondly, Harris [4] and others have distinguished between event-cued and time-cued prospective memory.
To identify genes whose expression co-varies with the stereotypic patterning of the cerebral cortex, here we have performed a large-scale differential expression screen of germinal layers in the ferret cortex, distinguishing between a region prospective of fold (splenial gyrus, SG) and its prospective adjacent fissure (lateral sulcus, LS).
In a prospective longitudinal study, we investigated whether this case definition distinguished patients who were more likely to benefit from surgical treatment.
However, given that so few family studies have distinguished between childhood- and adolescent-onset MDD, and that retrospective and prospective family studies report different results, this requires investigation in prospective studies that examine recurrence and continuity.
