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Previous studies exploring language functions have pre-defined speaking features that distinguished proficiency levels and examined these features using a quantitative approach (Brown 2006; Young 1995).
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Which speaking features distinguish proficiency at each level?
Which speaking features distinguish proficiency at each level? .
Unusually, the researchers concentrated on counting the language functions displayed by the students and explored which features of speaking distinguish speaking proficiency at each level.
The indexes were in a moderate range, indicating that the test could distinguish test-takers' proficiency into three levels.
Effective question items would have a moderate value of the difficulty index and a high value of the discrimination index, meaning that the questions are not too easy but also not too difficult, and are able to distinguish test takers' proficiency.
Instead of relying on an all-or-nothing pass/fail rating for a school, they distinguished among schools that met the proficiency goal (fully accredited); schools making good progress (provisional accreditation); schools falling behind (needs improvement) and schools in crisis (warning accreditation).
A measure of language proficiency is a complex multi-dimensional system that takes into account language use situations, language functions, linguistic elements, strategic abilities, and communicative competencies, and captures the so-called criterial features (Hawkins and Filipović 2012) that distinguish learners at different proficiency levels.
There appears to be no relevant difference in the proficiency to distinguish regions with elevated plantar pressure between podiatrists, pedorthists and orthotists.
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