Second, we identify two fundamental elements that characterize crowd science projects – open participation and open sharing of intermediate inputs – and distinguish crowd science from other knowledge production regimes such as innovation contests or traditional "Mertonian" science.
Crowd quakes are a typical reason for crowd disasters, to be distinguished from crowd disasters resulting from 'mass panic' or 'crowd crushes'.
We instead define word shape operationally (what can be distinguished when crowded) and choose the letter substitutes so as to be visually indistinguishable from the original when crowded.
The constant emphasis, reinforced by books like Carnegie's, on calculating what other people think of you became a major subject for mid-century sociologists like David Riesman, who, in his best-selling book "The Lonely Crowd," distinguished between other- and inner-directed personalities.
One of the concerns is that when outliers exist in the dataset, they are easier to be distinguished from the crowd and their privacy is prone to be compromised.
He distinguished the peak oil crowd from the environmental movement.
"With commercial TV going in the direction it has been going -- pretty earnestly, particularly at the local level -- it makes us easier to distinguish from the crowd," said William Jobes, NJN's director of news and public affairs.
Von Trotta makes the same mistake as Arendt: she sets up "thinking" as a special category of activity, and distinguishes Arendt's crowd of circumspect intellectuals from the run of faceless bureaucrats who do their jobs with no sense of their place in the world.
Crowding purportedly occurs in normal foveal vision but only over tiny distances (a few minutes of arc; Bouma, 1970) so most conventionally printed text (like the 1.2° letters used in the current study) would have to overlap to induce crowding, thus making it difficult to distinguish effects of crowding from ordinary masking (Martelli et al., 2005).
The public and crowd should be distinguished from the "mass".
