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Unlike many other areas in clinical medicine, the approach to acid base physiology has not often distinguished cause from effect.
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At small magnitudes, ratios can potentially be distinguished, causing the unit of informative measure to change with scale.
This makes it possible for the study to distinguish cause and effect; to isolate the impact of title from all the other confounding factors.The results of the experiment are mixed.
The critical problem of this approach is that not possible to distinguish cause and effect, or, in other words, the direction of the energy transfer.
Breast implant makers will cough up several billion dollars because our courts are in-capable of distinguishing cause and effect from statistical noise.
For some conditions associated with CKD, such as hypertension, distinguishing cause from effect is often problematic.
This is a cross-sectional study and so cannot distinguish cause from effect.
As a descriptive analysis this study cannot distinguish cause from consequence.
However, the question in our results is that we cannot distinguish cause and effect.
Third, the study was cross-sectional; we might have overestimated the relationships between GE or MGC and oxidative stress because we were unable to distinguish cause from effect.
Most if not all studies that compare microbial profiles in IBS patients and healthy controls are associative and cannot distinguish cause from consequence.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com