Yet it has to be pointed out at least in regard to the affective component of empathy that neither the authors' definition nor their included items sufficiently distinguish between affective empathy, sympathy, and personal distress.
Physiological measurements do not fall prey to such concerns, yet it is unclear whether they allow one to distinguish sufficiently between empathy, sympathy, and personal distress (Zhou, Valiente, and Eisenberg 2003).
Psychologists, though, distinguish between the "cognitive empathy" deficits of autism (difficulty understanding what emotions are, trouble interpreting other people's nonverbal signs) and the "emotional empathy" deficits of psychopathy (lack of concern about hurting other people, an inability to share their feelings).
Accordingly, simulation theorists distinguish between different types of empathy such as between basic and reenactive empathy (Stueber 2006) or between mirroring and reconstructive empathy (Goldman 2011).
Questionnaires measuring characteristics such as empathy may fail to distinguish affective and cognitive components, which some argue are distinct traits, and are differentially associated with ASD and callous unemotional traits.
Antecedents that distinguish this model from traditional entrepreneurial models are empathy and moral judgment.
According to the movie, empathy is one of the few features that distinguish humans from artificial intelligence (AI).
For example, despite evidence that women display higher levels of empathy, [ 27- 31] few studies distinguish between results for men and women.
They have been said to have difficulties in empathy and theory-of-mind (the ability to distinguish between one's own mental state and that of others) [ 34, 35].
Indeed what Joliffe and Farrington mean is that they try to develop a scale measuring empathy, where empathy is properly distinguished from sympathy.
