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Case folding reduces the number of distinct word types seen by the model by turning all character to lowercase.
They also have non-overlapping feature spaces due to each language having a distinct word set in their vocabulary.
Meyer et al. (2014) also found "demographic and personality determinants of entrepreneurship" as one of their five distinct word clusters.
The number of occurrences for each distinct word within a permutation group is counted.
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Nor are there distinct words for "he" and "she".
The number of distinct words (vocabulary size) has also increased reflecting basic social and technological advancement8.
The French have two distinct words for "word", parole and mot.
Consider that the Oglok of Labrador have more than a hundred separate and distinct words for snow.
Heaps observed that vocabulary size, i.e. the number of distinct words, exhibits a sub-linear growth with document size18.
But "dowse" and "douse" are two distinct words, though the dictionary has little to say about the origins of either.
The English word "bank," to use one frequent example, can mean either "financial institution" or "side of a river," but these are two distinct words in French.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com