A second and distinct justification would be that diversity creates social benefits... [M]y feeling is that race-based affirmative action works much better under the first justification (creating equal opportunities) than it does under the second (increasing social utility).
Although the lines that separate one theory from another are not always distinct, philosophical justifications of political obligation nowadays usually take the form of arguments from consent, gratitude, fair play, membership, or natural duty.
Given that knowledge is distinct from justification, and is also a stronger relation than justification, do a posteriori necessities pose a problem for a priori justification about modal truths or only for a priori knowledge?
These two notions of efficiency may be distinct, but the entire justification for a free-market economy is that it should be easy to confuse the two.
By making NATO the focus of his own defense, Slobodan Milosevic, the former Yugoslav leader, has extended that justification a distinct notch: you in the West, he says, with your nice homes and radar-skirting bombers -- you, too, are bloodied.
An issue associated with, but distinct from, that of justification is whether people have a right to engage in civil disobedience.
The usual justification for grouping distinct realizers under a single functional kind is that the classification reveals interesting similarities, of the sort we expect to be captured by laws or generalizations of higher level science.
(Sometimes "ex ante" justification and "ex post" justification, respectively).[7] Unlike that between internalist and externalist approaches to justification, the distinction between propositional and doxastic justification does not represent a conflict to be resolved; it is a distinction between two distinct properties that are called 'justification'justification
'Given that properties are constituted by the world and not by our concepts', Brian Loar comments, 'it is fair of the physicalist to request a justification of the assumption that conceptually distinct concepts must express metaphysically distinct properties' (Loar 1999, 467; see also his 1997).
Although Mill insisted that the 'so-called doctrine of Free Trade' rested on 'equally solid' grounds as did the 'principle of individual liberty' (1963, vol. 18: 293), he nevertheless insisted that the justifications of personal and economic liberty were distinct.
