The two major histological subtypes of GC according to Laurén, diffuse-type and intestinal-type GC, have distinct tumor dissemination patterns and show diverse pathogeneses and expression profiles, likely resulting from molecular differences in tumor epithelial and stroma cells [ 4, 5].
Intraoperative findings showed the mass invading to the testicular artery and vein in the mesenterium of the terminal ileum and that the appendix stayed intact, but not showed the distinct metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, and ascites.
Tumor cell transgene-specific PCR allows monitoring of tumor cell dissemination into distinct organs, and immunohistochemistry for SV40 T-antigen tracing of single disseminated tumor cells (DTC).
Instead, it suggests that those tumors that spread through the vasculature and those that seed the lymphatics likely use distinct molecular pathways during dissemination.
Even though numerous studies have used whole genome sequencing to explore the local and global dissemination of distinct lineages recently (for example [ 5]), MLST is still considered the "gold standard" of typing.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) not only confers tumor cells with a distinct advantage for metastatic dissemination, but also it provides those cells with cancer stem cell-like characters for proliferation and drug resistance.
However, the existence of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis a cryptococcal infection of the skin without prior dissemination, as a distinct entity has been discussed only during the last decades [ 18].
