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Because secreted miRNAs packaged by MVs are stably present in the circulatory system and are simultaneously transported to distant recipient cells by MVs (Zhang et al., 2010), we believe that miRNAs have great potential to be transferred through the placenta by an MV-mediated mechanism.
Basically, light pulses are an easy way to send signals and have them seen by a distant recipient.
The beckoning gesture fulfils key criteria of deixis and iconicity, in that it communicates to a distant recipient the desired travel path in relation to a specific social intention, i.e., to have sex at another location.
Extracellular vesicles are transported in the blood, urine, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid [ 13– 16] and thus may deliver their contents to either neighboring or distant recipient cells and produce corresponding physiological or pathologic effects.
Although uptake of orally delivered RNA may be mediated by surveilling immune cells in the gut – raising the possibility that egressing cells could transfer their exogenous cargo to distant recipient cells – RNA delivery to the gut may allow mostly local rather than systemic dissemination [ 81].
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But until we understand animals as moral agents in and of themselves, they will be nothing more than distant recipients of our largesse.
Simple knowledge diffuses equally to close and distant actors because distant recipients with poor connections to the source of the knowledge can compensate for their limited access by means of unaided local search.
With knowledge of moderate complexity, however, high-fidelity transmission along social networks combined with local search allows socially proximate recipients to receive and extend knowledge generated elsewhere, while interdependencies stymie more distant recipients who rely heavily on unaided search.
The Government of Romania has signed its first-ever contribution agreement with FAO, putting its not so distant past as a recipient country behind it, and undertaking to provide neighbouring Republic of Moldova with significant financial assistance.
Recently, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in exosomes, which can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells and subsequently modulate recipient cells.
In the case of horizontal acquisitions from distant relatives, the gene of the recipient taxon would exhibit high similarity to the donor group, despite the evolutionary distance that separates them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com