Therefore, some adults, i.e. the settlement chief or one of his brothers or older sons, were engaged in long-distance diversification activities or trade in live animals (dioula).
The Andes' environmental heterogeneity, high levels of biodiversity, and the fact that it is the focus of conservation efforts, make this region an ideal test case to study the effects of environment, barriers, and geographic distance on diversification, and to map biological variation.
Local (12) and long-distance (2) diversification was the main change observed in the settlement trajectories.
Interestingly, the proteins encoded by all these operons in S. griseus exhibit the longest evolutionary distances, and greatest diversification away from the other homologs (Fig. 1C).
With all the cautions needed given the large confidence intervals, it seems therefore that the alternation of glacial and interglacial periods during the late Pleistocene did not lead to speciation, but rather to geographic substructuring of extant species due to isolation by distance with little morphological diversification, as exemplified by the N. furzeri species complex [ 20].
On the other hand, the second hypothesis of peripatric speciation is a much more likely force behind Indo-Pacific diversification if long distance oceanic dispersal to peripheral populations is sufficiently low for isolation and subsequent reproductive or ecological divergence to emerge between central and peripheral archipelagoes [ 1- 7].
Diversification and long-distance mobility are other means of livelihood security, implying specific family organization.
The genetic diversity observed in clonal group 1 is caused mainly by changes in a single diversifying lineage of DT104 isolates, and the short genetic distances imply that this distinctive diversification was recent, a pattern predicted in adaptive radiation [38] [40].
Farming businesses in these areas have generally limited options for farm diversification, due to their distance from urban centres and markets.
Several phylogenetic studies have provided evidence supporting the thesis that the flora of New Caledonia indeed originates from recent (<37 My) long-distance dispersal colonizations and diversifications (Murienne et al. 2005; Grandcolas et al. 2008; Murienne 2009; Espeland and Murienne 2011; Pillon 2012).
Herein, we investigate how networks involving TFs essential for organism development change during organismal diversification over extensive evolutionary time and distances.
