With regard to population substructure and genetic distances directed sampling is more appropriate to uncover cryptic diversity and regional substructure in populations such as the Druze, characterized by high levels of endogamy and local founder effects.
Above about 70-km distance, direct truck delivery of air-dry straw to a central plant becomes more expensive than regional pyrolysis plants followed by biosyncrude or bioslurry transport in silo wagons with the electrified rail to a large central BTL plant.
On account of different neighborhood systems, two ways are available to define the topological distance: direct neighbor and shortest path.
We performed ANOVAs on mean and median RT values with Reward (high, low) and Relational Distance (direct, inference 1, inference 2) as within-subject factors, and Group (Sleep, Wake) as between-subject factor.
We test whether (i) mortality during migration increases with migration distance (direct cost of migration), (ii) mortality during the breeding season increases with migration distance (delayed cost of migration) and (iii) mortality during winter decreases with migration distance (benefit of wintering in tropical areas).
As a measure of diffusion of norms through the referral chains, the agreement in perceived behavioural norms will also be explored according to the degree of distance (direct connection, separated by one, two or more persons between participants within the chain of referral).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07903.007 To investigate fMRI responses from the Sleep and Wake groups during the test session, we used a general linear model distinguishing successful trials according to Reward (HR, LR), Relational Distance (direct, inference 1, inference 2) and Confidence ('certain' vs lower confidence judgments, i.e. 'not sure'guess'ss', 'by elimination').
"Going the Distance," crisply directed by Nanette Burstein from a better-than-average script by the first-timer Geoff LaTulippe, acknowledges this convention and slyly subverts it.
Due to the nature of the data, we could not evaluate the correspondence between (undirected) border distance and (directed) laminar projection patterns (see Methods: " Projection data").
Data are expressed as a chemotaxis index, which is the ratio between the distance of directed and random migration without attractants of neutrophils into the nitrocellulose filters (Feistritzer et al, 2006; Schroll et al, 2012).
