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Behaviorally, novel, dissimilar items were detected faster and more accurately.
Below this, two other items were labeled by a recommendation engine: "Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought". One group of participants saw similar items (headphones and more speakers) while the other group saw dissimilar items (two button down shirts).
Orthographic similarity yielded an increase in false positives for similar items and vice versa for dissimilar items, suggesting a general impact of an orthographically based 'bias' in choosing similar or dissimilar sounding items.
Numerous studies report that participants are more likely to endorse items that are similar to the prototype, including the prototype, as category members than dissimilar items [8].
This shows that more phonologically similar items (i.e., cognates) had fewer translations in the L2 than did phonologically dissimilar items (i.e., noncognates); for example, コール /kooru/ "call" is usually translated into English using the cognate translation only (i.e., call).
Although we did not entirely replicate their results in the visual domain when comparing cross and intradimension analogies, these sets of data reinforce the idea that this region plays a crucial role in detecting similarities between dissimilar items (Holyoak and Thagard 1995).
Similar(52)
In contrast, five of the eight DISSIMILAR-8 items demonstrated deterioration in physical function: (1) bending to floor; (2) going shopping; (3) getting in/out of bath; (4) heavy domestic duties; and (5) light domestic duties.
In a dissimilar pair, items differed at one level (target level), the other level, made of similar forms on both sides, was irrelevant to perform the task.
Two factors consistent with the WOMAC's hypothesized pain and physical function domains, and accounting for 62% of the variance were identified for DISSIMILAR-8 items.
In Experiment 1 with visually dissimilar food and nonfood items, 89% of the subjects showed faster detection of foods than nonfoods, but this detection bias was stronger among the more lean individuals.
Of course, different tasks may be sensitive to different situational factors; for example, it appears that in our task the failure to detect an auditory tone was found despite its being rather dissimilar from the letter items (both target and distractors) in the visual task.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com