The results of the aforementioned SIDER search were combined to 3'UTR predictions generated with PRED-A-TERM, a Leishmania-specific mRNA extremity prediction algorithm [ 35], in order to ascertain the relative genomic dissemination of SIDER elements (Table 1).
This type of penicillin resistance in S. aureus may thus emerge via two mechanisms: spread of resistant clones or through horizontal dissemination of mobile elements containing the blaZ gene [ 15, 16].
Additionally, most IS 4-related subgroups and emerging families were scattered over several phyla (Additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), suggesting an involvement of HGT in the dissemination of these elements.
Finally, it has been reported that several antibiotics that do not cause direct damage to bacterial DNA (e.g. β-lactams) are capable of inducing the SOS response through indirect routes [ 19], and that such induction is capable of triggering dissemination of mobile elements carrying antibiotic resistance determinants [ 20].
I would suspect that bursts of mobile element dissemination could be important as briefly mentioned at the end of the paper, and possibly, other forms of information exchange.
Our analysis allows us to define the core components of the human gut SOS meta-regulon, revealing a substantial presence of error-prone polymerases, and identifies putative novel SOS members involved in control of cell division, virulence and mobile genetic element dissemination.
As you can see in the Initiatives section, several Yale faculty who created online courses for dissemination have already incorporated elements of those courses back into their classroom teaching at Yale.
Under such studies, concentrations of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole, as low as 10 100 µg L−1 were found to promote MDR through the horizontal dissemination of mobile resistance elements (Jutkina et al. 2016; Kim et al. 2014).
The evolutionary consequence of anti-RM is the enhanced dissemination of mobile genetic elements.
This enables the widespread dissemination of discrete regulatory elements with those that confer benefit likely to be retained.
