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One mechanism is through disruption of gene function: microsatellite expansions residing in exon or intron sequences disrupt the normal function of the gene product.
Loss-of-function (LOF) (i.e., nonsense, splice site, and frameshift) variants that lead to disruption of gene function are likely to contribute to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Failure to complement (xen72−3) might be due either to loss of the deleted region or to disruption of gene function by the presence of the P-element.
Injection of dsRNA in eggs at the preblastoderm stage seems to allow disruption of gene function in all developmental stages.
However, intra-abdominal injection of dsRNA in adults is highly superior to egg injection for specific disruption of gene function in the adult stage.
The most obvious form of mutagenesis common to all TEs is the disruption of gene function or regulation resulting from the insertion of new element copies.
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All four mutations found in strain FSC043 have caused disruption of gene functions: all of the disrupted genes in the strain FSC043 have been linked to virulence or have orthologs in F. novicida that have been linked to virulence.
NHEJ may introduce indels that cause frame shift mutations and hence the disruption of gene functions.
One distinguishable feature of tumor driver genes is the unexpectedly high somatic mutation rate, which leads to rapid accumulation of genetic aberrations and thus radical modification or disruption of gene functions.
This is consistent with structural genomic changes causing disruption or loss of gene function during great-ape evolution.
Assuming a constant mutation rate per nucleotide, longer genes are more susceptible to mutation that may lead to either disruption or activation of gene function.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com