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The increased absorption is often a consequence of a reversibly disrupted barrier function of the skin by the vehicle itself or by specific ingredients that act as penetration enhancers.
The tir mutant disrupted barrier function up to ∼6 times faster than the parental WT strain, suggesting that it employed an alternative cellular mechanism.
Recently, prion protein, a ubiquitous cellular glycoprotein being involved in cell adhesion, was found to be dislocated in IBD supporting the concept that disrupted barrier function contributes to this disorder [ 178].
In view of the fact that bacterial LPS can cause an increase of iNOS expression in urothelial cells [ 117], it is possible that the subsequent apoptosis and disrupted barrier function is due to high levels of nitric oxide [ 119].
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The finding that cytoskeletal inhibitors prevented WT EPEC but not the tir mutant from disrupting barrier function suggested that the aforementioned barrier-disrupting proteins function by altering the actin cytoskeleton.
In order to disrupt barrier function, LPS was added at a concentration of 1 µg/ml20.
This protein also disrupts barrier function, which contributes to the development of HIV enteropathy.
Further, a small number of cells also die without getting extruded, which can disrupt barrier function.
In two independent studies, H. pylori strain SS1 was reported to disrupt barrier function in the gastric mucosa [ 41, 66].
Moreover, inhibition of IL-8 secretion by mutants unable to disrupt barrier function (e.g. eae-negative mutant) reveals that both processes are not linked.
Importantly, the postulated roles for Map and EspF in disrupting barrier function have been validated in vivo (Shifflett et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2006).
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