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Deployment of resistance (R) genes is the most effective control for Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say); however, deployment of R genes results in an increased frequency of pest genotypes that display virulence to them.
Since these mutant strains retained full or partial virulence in the C. elegans model, we decided to construct an hfq deletion mutant given that Hfq has been shown to play a role in the virulence and general fitness of a number of important bacterial pathogens [37], some of which have been shown to display virulence phenotypes in C. elegans.
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Interestingly, Salmonella cultured in LB-M9 salts media displayed virulence characteristics similar to those observed when only the M9 media was used (Figures 1A and 1C).
Most studies generally indicate that, for the conditions tested, C. orthopsilosis displays virulence and adhesion properties similar to C. parapsilosis, whereas C. metapsilosis is the least virulent species (Gácser, Schäfer, et al. 2007; Butler et al. 2009; Orsi et al. 2010; Bertini et al. 2013).
Enterobacteriaceae that contain the High Pathogenicity Island (HPI), which encodes the siderophore yersiniabactin, display increased virulence.
Furthermore, B. pseudomallei mutants lacking either BipD or BopA display reduced virulence in a mouse melioidosis model [38].
Since the pricking assay revealed conclusive, mutants of B. cenocepacia strain K56-2 preportedy reportodisplaysplay reduced virulence towards mammals were thereby examined in the fly (Table S1).
The RF122 isolate belongs to the ST151 sub-clone of the bovine ET3 clone [27], and members of this subclone display greater virulence than other ET3 sub-clones in a mouse model of mastitis [28].
To gain mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of LF82 in C. elegans we started out by testing LF82 mutants known to display attenuated virulence characteristics in cell culture models.
If melanization defective strains of these fungi display increased virulence against insects through natural routes of infection (cuticle exposure or ingestion) and cause no harm to mammals, these mutants will not only be more effective insecticides, but also have less environmental impact in the field.
T. cruzi DTUs display different virulence and pathogenic characteristics.
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