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A bending stator with second harmonics at its double fundamental resonant frequency is designed to generate saw-tooth type displacements under a rectangular pulse.
It is found that the temporal shift of the longitudinal vibrations can be used to tune the movement trajectories; the four feet can get nearly the same vertical displacements under a phase shift of 105°.
In the nonlinear incremental analysis, the structure tangent stiffness matrix, which is assembled from the element tangent stiffness matrices, is used to predict the next incremental displacements under a loading increment.
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We aim to design membrane-based actuators with the optimum electrode dimensions allowing the largest membrane displacement under a given actuation voltage.
Two viscoelastic properties were determined for each type of graft (n = 10) by measuring the decrease in load under a constant displacement (i.e., stress relaxation test) and the increase in displacement under a constant load (i.e., creep test).
The English scientist Robert Hooke discovered in 1660, but published only in 1678, that for many materials the displacement under a load was proportional to force, thus establishing the notion of (linear) elasticity but not yet in a way that was expressible in terms of stress and strain.
It is shown that the rigidity index of the structure (defined as the adimensionalized inverse of the maximal transverse displacement under a static load) evolves linearly with the viscoelastic layers' thicknesses and quadratically versus elastic layer's thickness.
The test results showed that a successfully fabricated IPMC strip in a size of 2 mm thickness, 5 mm width, and 15 mm length, produces generative forces (tip forces) more than 20 gmf up to approximately a half centimeter-displacement under a small voltage.
We tested several slip distributions obtained by inverting onshore GPS-derived coseismic displacements under different a priori constraints on the initial fault parameters.
As a result, in practice static model parameters (elastic moduli) are identified on the basis of displacements determined under a dynamic load (a force impulse), which creates an obvious methodological conflict.
Cup displacements obtained under a constant force were evaluated for 45 and 150 seconds, with a negative number indicating cup migration towards the acetabular pole.
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