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We take the following steps to estimate the total postseismic displacements over a 2-year period (from 12 March 2011 to 30 March 2013).
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The explosion caused substantial surface disturbance and large displacements over an area of about 9 square kilometers (black outline).
A complementary filter combines the grounded-load digital charge amplifier (GDCDE) and the ANN to estimate displacement over a wide bandwidth and to overcome drift.
Since the low-frequency magnetosheath variations exhibit largest amplitudes, a simultaneous bow shock displacement over a distance of 10 15 RE can be observed.
Transport properties are quantified using pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR measurements which provide probability distributions of molecular displacement over a set observation time (propagators), supplementing conventional permeability measurements.
A smaller horizontal displacement over a given similar duration between two tests is an indication of lesser rough surface.
The accelerometer - which also measures frequency and direction - then integrates the information to calculate the displacement over a few seconds - giving a height reading.
However, large displacement over a wide area is found only along the main earthquake faults: the Futagawa and Hinagu fault zones.
Because of the results of the positive loading angle tests, the researchers point to the benefits of sufficiently long bonded lengths for minimizing the effect of relative vertical displacement over a crack.
The friction coefficient (=measured shear stress/applied normal stress) rapidly increases with slip velocity to 1.3 m/s at the onset of sliding (hereafter referred to as the initial peak of friction) and subsequently decreases almost exponentially to below 0.2 with displacement over a characteristic slip weakening distance of 0.03 to 1.08 m (Figure 3a,d; Table 1).
Test image sets were generated from both OCT and microscopy images, where each frame was stepped a known displacement over a simulated time series.
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