The "water displacement" tasks were all variations of an Aesop's fable in which a thirsty crow drops stones to raise the level of water in a pitcher.
There is evidence that dogs can memorize the location of food (Where memory), as dogs can master object displacement tasks - though not invisible displacement tasks (Collier-Baker et al. 2004; Fiset and LeBlanc 2007).
However, this finding is not universal (e.g., Neiworth et al. 2003), and it is unclear how to interpret failures in invisible displacement tasks (reviewed by Gomez 2005).
Furthermore, our subjects succeeded in invisible displacement tasks, even though they committed a relatively large number of errors (Schmitt et al. 2012).
This is consistent with findings by Fiset and LeBlanc (2007) where search behaviour in invisible displacement tasks was not only based upon the location of the displacement device but also on the position of the experimenter.
The current study confirmed the striking contrast that exists between dogs and great apes with regard to invisible object displacement tasks (Barth and Call 2006; Call 2001, 2003; Collier-Baker and Suddendorf 2006).
Automation is not sheer displacement of tasks from men to machines but a stage in the process toward integrated systems of processes, technology, organization, roles, and values, where technology performs a large variety of existing and new tasks and where interaction is designed among human beings and technical systems.
The standing balance was assessed by measuring the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in single-task (eyes-open/eyes-closed) and dual-task (while performing two different verbal fluency tasks).
In particular, routine tasks, which are mostly performed by medium-skilled workers, are those most subject to machine displacement, and therefore task-replacing technological changes can directly reduce wages of the medium-skilled group independent of changes in total output.
We found a significant increase of COPnet displacement in all tasks up to 556% (mean: 125 ± 165%) when patients were ON with dyskinesia compared to the OFF state.
