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Three-dimensional mapping showed displacement of retinal layers out of the foveal center as the fovea matured and the progressive formation of the inner/outer segment band in the opposite direction.
However, it is likely that in the context of AMD, the displacement of retinal microglia to the subretinal space may also bring microglia into contact with influences that may serve to activate them.
Displacement of retinal vessels was observed by two parameters: the vessel segment length in area (VLA) and the length from the foveal center to the vessel branching point (FBL; Figure 1).
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Preterm birth may affect the formation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and foveal depression, and displacement of inner retinal layers away from the incipient fovea.
Figure 1: (a) When the eye is stationary, both efference copy (EC) and afference produced by displacement of the retinal image (A) are absent.
It is only when the displacement of the retinal image differs from the displacement predicted on the basis of the efference copy, i.e., when the latter fails to "cancel out" the former, that subjects experience a change of some sort in the perceived scene (see Figure 1).
In the strongest lesions also a significant displacement of the retinal surface was visible (Fig. 5 (c)).
During fovea formation, there is centrifugal displacement of inner retinal cells as the foveal pit deepens, and centripetal migration and specialization of cone photoreceptors (22, 23).
In addition to reversible thermal expansion phase-sensitive OCT also measured heat-induced tissue alteration which, in vitro lead to an additional displacement of the retinal tissue.
This view is also consistent with the X-ray structure of bathorhodopsin at 105 K, where the displacement of the retinal chromophore is very small at both ends, (i.e., at the RSB and the β-ionone ring).
The change of the OCT signal in the photoreceptor layer PRL (Δ S PRL) and the displacement of the retinal surface (Δ z s) were calculated from the M-scans.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com