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The formulation is based on thin shell displacement theory, where the displacement is based on high-order polynomial or trigonometric functions for rigid-beam displacement, and uses Fourier series to model warping and ovalization phenomena of cross-tubular section.
The classification of municipalities into those with high, medium and low levels of displacement is based on the classification of municipalities with high, medium and low rates of displacement made by Reyes Posada et al. [92, 93].
In current clinical practice, assessment of displacement is based on measurements using two-dimensional (2D) images (i.e., radiographs and single CT slices) which is subjective due to manual measurements, position of the wrist during imaging, and/or slice selection [ 3, 4].
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Early efforts to develop simple regression models to estimate Newmark displacement were based on analysis of the small number of strong-motion records then available.
The register ton is defined as 100 cubic feet, the freight or measurement ton as 40 cubic feet; an older measure of a ship's displacement was based on the volume of a long ton of seawater, or 35 cubic feet.
Apart from these limitations, the results are only valid for patients with comparable craniofacial structure as the reported stresses and displacement were based on the results obtained on a model that was generated from a CT scan of a 12-year-old patient.
The laminate and bolt displacements are based on the Mindlin and Timoshenko beam theories, respectively.
The displacement field is based on a novel non-polynomial higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT).
Additionally, common surface displacement measurement is based on segmenting the surface image into small subsets and tracking each subset individually through template matching, the surface displacement thus obtained has obvious discontinuity and low spatial resolution.
Displacement field is based on a higher-order deformation beam theory and size effect is captured by the modified couple stress theory.
The current approach to analyze the tunnel wall displacement increase is based on the Convergence-Confinement Method (CCM) performed with either analytical (closed form solutions) or the usage of the Longitudinal Displacement Profiles.
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